With what safety fitting should high pressure steam and water boilers be protected?

High pressure steam and water boilers require robust protective measures to ensure safe operation, particularly focusing on preventing low water conditions that can lead to catastrophic failure. The best protection is provided by dual low water cut outs. This safety fitting has two independent sensing devices that monitor the water level in the boiler.

If the water level drops below a certain threshold, the first device will trigger an alarm and help prevent further operation until the issue is addressed. If the water level continues to drop and the first device fails or fails to respond, the second device serves as an additional safeguard, ensuring that the boiler will shut down before it reaches a critical low water level. This redundancy significantly reduces the risks associated with low water conditions, which can lead to damage and unsafe operational circumstances.

Other options such as single low water cut outs and high pressure cutoffs do not measure up in terms of safety and reliability compared to the dual system. While pressure relief valves are essential for managing excess pressure in the system, they do not provide protection against low water conditions directly, which is crucial in high-pressure steam and water boilers.